Pain in animals, whether pets like cats and dogs or livestock, can be challenging to identify, writes Dr Rose Hasegawa, medical director Te Are Manu Vet Clinic.

Unlike humans, animals cannot communicate their discomfort directly, making it important for owners to recognise subtle signs and changes in behaviour.

Recognising pain in cats

Cats are particularly adept at hiding pain, a trait inherited from their wild ancestors to avoid appearing vulnerable. However, several signs can indicate discomfort:

1. Changes in behaviour: A cat in pain may become withdrawn, hide more often, or exhibit aggression when approached or handled. An increase in vocalisations, such as hissing, growling, or yowling, can also be a sign of pain.
2. Altered grooming habits: Cats in pain might over-groom a specific area to soothe it or, conversely, neglect grooming altogether, resulting in a matted or unkempt coat.
3. Changes in eating and drinking: A decrease in appetite or reluctance to eat can signal oral pain or systemic discomfort. Similarly, a noticeable increase or decrease in water intake can be a red flag.
4. Toileting issues: Painful conditions can lead to changes in toileting habits, such as urinating or defecating outside the litter box, often due to conditions like arthritis making it difficult for the cat to get in and out of the box.
5. Physical symptoms: Limping, difficulty jumping, or a stiff gait can indicate musculoskeletal pain. Swelling, redness, or discharge from a specific area also warrants attention.

Recognising pain in dogs

Dogs, while more expressive than cats, can also hide pain to some extent. Key signs include:

1. Behavioural changes: A dog in pain may become less active, showing reluctance to play, walk, or exercise. Changes in temperament, such as becoming unusually aggressive or anxious, can also be indicative.
2. Vocalisations: Whining, whimpering, or howling can be direct indicators of discomfort, especially if these sounds occur during movement or when touched.
3. Appetite and drinking habits: Like cats, a dog in pain might eat or drink less. Sudden changes in weight or eating patterns should be monitored closely.
4. Restlessness and sleep issues: A dog experiencing pain might have difficulty finding a comfortable position to rest, leading to frequent changes in sleeping spots or positions.
5. Physical signs: Lameness, limping, or stiffness, particularly after rest, can indicate joint or muscle pain. Swelling, heat, or obvious injuries should prompt veterinary consultation.

Recognising pain in livestock

Livestock, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs, also exhibit specific signs of pain, though these can sometimes be more challenging to observe due to their herd behaviour.

1. Changes in movement: Lameness or reluctance to move can indicate pain in the limbs or hooves. Cattle, for example, might show a noticeable limp or spend more time lying down.
2. Altered feeding behaviour: A decrease in feed intake or cud chewing in ruminants like cows and sheep can be a sign of discomfort or pain. Pigs may show less interest in rooting or foraging.
3. Vocalisations: Increased vocalisations, such as bellowing in cattle or squealing in pigs, can indicate pain or distress, particularly if associated with handling or movement.
4. Body condition and posture: Livestock in pain may exhibit changes in posture, such as arching the back, tucking the abdomen, or shifting weight frequently. Poor body condition or sudden weight loss can also be indicative.
5. Social behaviour: Painful animals might isolate themselves from the herd or exhibit aggression towards other animals.

Recognising pain in pets and livestock requires keen observation and understanding of normal versus abnormal behaviours. Early detection of pain signs allows for prompt veterinary intervention, which can prevent further suffering and improve the animal’s overall health. Owners should regularly monitor their animals and seek veterinary advice if any signs of pain or discomfort are observed. This proactive approach ensures that animals live healthier, happier lives.